St. Peter’s Basilica, also called New St. Peter’s
Basilica, present basilica of
St. Peter in Vatican
City (an enclave in Rome),
begun by Pope Julius
II in 1506 and completed in 1615 under Paul V. It is designed as
a three-aisled Latin cross with a dome at
the crossing, directly above the high altar, which covers the shrine of St. Peter
the Apostle. The edifice—the church of the popes—is a major pilgrimage site.
The idea of building the church was conceived by Pope Nicholas
V(reigned 1447–55), who was prompted by the state in which he found Old St.
Peter’s Basilica—walls leaning far out of the perpendicular and frescoes
covered with dust. In 1452 Nicholas ordered Bernardo
Rossellino to begin the construction of a new apse west of the old
one, but the work stopped with Nicholas’s death. Paul II, however,
entrusted the project to Giuliano da
Sangallo (see Sangallo family)in
1470.
On April 18, 1506, Julius II laid
the first stone for the new basilica. It was to be erected in the form of a
Greek cross according to the plan of Donato Bramante.
On Bramante’s death (1514) Leo X commissioned as
his successors Raphael, Fra Giovanni
Giocondo, and Giuliano da Sangallo, who modified the original Greek cross
plan to a Latin cross with three aisles separated by pillars. The architects
after Raphael’s death in 1520 were Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Baldassarre
Peruzzi, and Andrea Sansovino.
After the sack of Rome in 1527, Paul III (1534–49)
entrusted the undertaking to Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, who returned to
Bramante’s plan and erected a dividing wall between the area for the new
basilica and the eastern part of the old one, which was still in use. On
Sangallo’s death (1546) Paul III commissioned
the aged Michelangeloas
chief architect, a post he held under Julius III and Pius IV. At the time of
Michelangelo’s death in 1564, the drum for the massive dome was practically
complete. He was succeeded by Pirro Ligorio and Giacomo da Vignola. Gregory XIII (1572–85)
placed Giacomo
della Porta in charge of the work. The dome, modified from
Michelangelo’s design, was finally completed at the insistence of Sixtus V (1585–90),
and Gregory XIV (1590–91)
ordered the erection of the lantern above it. Clement VIII(1592–1605)
demolished the apse of Old St. Peter’s and erected the new high altar over the
altar of Calixtus II.
Paul V (1605–21)
adopted Carlo Maderno’s
plan, giving the basilica the form of a Latin cross by extending the nave to
the east, thus completing the 615-foot- (187-metre-) long main structure.
Maderno also completed the facade of St. Peter’s and added an extra bay on each
end to support campaniles. Although Maderno left designs for these campaniles,
only one was built, and that was of a different design executed by Gian Lorenzo
Bernini in 1637. Under the commission of Alexander VII (1655–67)
Bernini designed the elliptical piazza, outlined by colonnades, that serves as
the approach to the basilica.
The interior of St. Peter’s is filled with many masterpieces
of Renaissance and Baroque art, among the most famous of which are
Michelangelo’sPietà, the baldachin by
Bernini over the main altar, the statue of St. Longinus in the crossing, the
tomb of Urban VIII,
and the bronze cathedraof
St. Peter in the apse.
Until 1989 St. Peter’s was the largest church in
Christendom. In that year its size was exceeded by that of the newly built
basilica inYamoussoukro,
Côte d’Ivoire.
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